Whereas Noor initially echoed Afshar et al. Official statistics for the most recent immigration flows are poor, but in 2012 there were over 2 million Uzbek and over 1 million Tajik nationals in Russia, mainly employed in low-skilled occupations in the Moscow region and in other metropolitan areas. Read the Instructions for Authors and submit your paper today.

These findings contribute to the literature on the inter-group distance and contact hypothesis showing how the history of inter-group contact and institutional arrangements can mitigate the sense of ethnic group threat. In the social dominance literature, this is known as the subordinate male target hypothesis; this postulates that ethnic discrimination is directed primarily against men from out-groups (Sidanius and Veniegas, 2000; Sidanius and Pratto, 2001). Their words describe a spectrum: from rejecting this heritage to actively embracing it; and from rebelling against the Pakistani-identified values of their parents to actively seeking them out. You will be redirected to aap.org to login or to create your account. All job applicants were presented as Russian nationals in the age range 28–35 years, with Russian as their mother tongue. The extent to which indigenous languages are actually used in everyday life varies, but most republics have print media and TV and radio broadcasting in the languages of titular groups. Furthermore, the testing site was available a few days per week and during the hours of 10 am and 2 pm, which may not have been convenient for all. First, attitudes of ethnic majorities towards different minority groups are not the same, and vary according to an implicit hierarchy. Another explanation for the disproportionately higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection among minority youth may be due to previous experiences of bias and discrimination, which can lead to distrust of the health care system and delays in seeking care15 and, thus, the spread of infection to household members. The California State University system has also made ethnic studies a graduation requirement. Most field experiments to date looked at one or only a few minority groups. We used means and frequency analyses to describe the study population and calculate unadjusted SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates. The University of Pittsburgh has been more responsive to its students’ requests than most universities. Leaders from Black student groups then surveyed more than 150 Black students about their experiences at the university. Some young people are turning away from Pakistaniness, but others are embracing and exploring versions and elements of this heritage as they make decisions about whether, when and whom to marry. The “Irish question”: marginalizations at the nexus of sociology of migration and ethnic and racial studies in Britain. This suggests that ethnic Russians constitute a majority of employers in Kazan and Ufa. Notes: Groups ordered by the contact rate within each pair of locations. The Bashkir and Tatar languages are mutually intelligible, and the identity boundaries between these two groups have been fluid (Gorenburg, 1999). This reduces opportunities for contact with the locals, and when contact occurs it is often in social situations that imply unequal status. Like the “idea of India” elaborated by Sunil Khilnani (1999), the idea of Pakistan points to a place on the map and in the mind, which is less a destination than a space of heritage and identity (Anwar 1978). And like find a girl from there, because my dad married my mum and she was from Pakistan. In Moscow and St. Petersburg many employers try to avoid initiating phone conversations with the members of out-groups, especially Muslim groups of Southern origin. Aliya, who elected to wear hijab when she left school, spoke of distancing herself from peers whom she sees as “cultural-orientated rather than religious-orientated”. Ethnic and Racial Studies Self-Citation Ratio Trend & History.

While personal contacts remain important, in 2014 76 per cent of Russian firms and 49 per cent of job seekers (77 per cent in Moscow and St. Petersburg) used web sites for job search (Roshchin, Solntsev and Vasilyev, 2017). Initially, we included in the experiment a smaller number of Bashkir CVs, in Ufa only, but the sample size did not allow us to form any conclusions.

These British Mirpuri Pakistanis are concentrated in particular parts of the UK such as Yorkshire (Azam 2006; Change Institute 2009). The primary outcome was rate of SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Philip Lewis (2008) and Anshuman Mondal (2008) have shown how, by embracing Islam, young people have been able to make and assert choices, in some cases rejecting cultural traditions and norms, in others challenging parents while maintaining their goodwill and staying within the bounds of religious respectability. In the former, there is strong discrimination against all non-ethnically Russian groups of Southern origin. Specifically, minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged children had a higher likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Notes: Population size reported according to the 2010 Russian census. Our findings indicate that, whether they embrace or reject their Pakistani heritage, or have more mixed and uncertain feelings about it, young British Pakistani Muslims find this heritage useful as a reference point, guiding their approaches to and decisions about marriage. Besides, surveys suggest that at the national level the attitudes towards immigrants from the South, among Tatars, are only marginally more positive than among ethnic Russians (Bessudnov, 2016). The median age was 8.0 (interquartile range 2.0–14.0) years, and 52.3% of children were male. Majority members may feel more threatened in places with a higher proportion of ethnic minority members, especially when the economy is poor.

Pakistani is a catch-all term, encompassing many different spheres which are relevant to marriage: national culture, of course, but also ethnicity, extended family, caste/clan, kinship, regional and local culture. We followed the standard practice of signalling ethnicity by randomly assigning ethnic names to CVs. Like in the British culture like parents like to give you more independence, which in the Pakistani culture they do, but like they like to be more part of your life and the kind of decisions that you make and stuff. While we do not have data to test this empirically, it is likely that in Russia ethnic minority men are perceived by employers as more threatening than women. As we have explained, not everyone sees conflict or competition between these forms of identification. Here we focus on those individuals (listed in Table 1) who had most to say – whether explicitly or between the lines – about Pakistani heritage and its relevance to their thoughts on marriage. Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Academy of Pediatrics. Many young British Pakistani Muslims, like other Muslims of their generation, are increasingly identifying with Islam rather than through their ethnic or national heritage (Lewis 2008; Mondal 2008). In contemporary Russia, among 85 ‘federation subjects’, there are 22 ethnic republics and 4 ethnic autonomous districts.

Hiba was more positive about aspects she saw as “progressive” than those she considered traditional. There is overwhelming evidence that on average employers contact applicants from majority groups more often than applicants from minority groups. For some, this can mean justifying lifestyle choices they have already made.